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Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2640-1053/025
*Corresponding Author: Danielle Gal, Department of Surgical Oncology , Israel
Citation: Danielle Gal, Cardiovascular comorbidities Common in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, J Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Doi:10.31579/2640-1053/025
Copyright: © 2018 Danielle Gal. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of The Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 30 January 2018 | Accepted: 20 February 2018 | Published: 25 March 2018
Keywords: comorbidities; metastatic colorectal cancer
Aim: As comorbidities may impact treatment decisions, prognoses and quality of care, this study determined the rate of comorbid cardiovascular diseases in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC).
Methods: From the PHARMO Record Linkage System in The Netherlands, all patients with a hospital discharge code for CRC and distant metastasis from 2000–2008 were selected. Prevalent cardiovascular comorbidities were assessed during the 12 months prior to the index date (the first discharge diagnosis defining metastases). Cardiovascular comorbidities were captured using cardiovascular drug use and hospital admission data. 2964 patients with mCRC were included in the analysis. Mean (± standard deviation) age at diagnosis was 68 (± 12) years and 53% were male.
Results: Cardiovascular comorbidities were observed in 52% of patients. Of patients identified by drug use, the most commonly used agents were antithrombotic agents (54%), beta-blocking agents (46%), and agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system (45%). Of patients hospitalised for cardiovascular comorbidities, about one-third were hospitalised for cardiac dysrhythmia (39%), followed by congestive heart failure (19%) and hypertension (18%).
Conclusions: Cardiovascular comorbidities are common in patients with mCRC, which is likely to be explained by the high mean age at diagnosis. Consideration of these conditions should be integral to the treatment strategy in individual patients with mCRC.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies, third after lung and prostate cancer in men and second only to breast cancer in women [1]. In a significant proportion of patients with CRC, metastases are already present at diagnosis and many patients diagnosed at earlier stages will also eventually develop metastatic disease [2].
Current pharmacological treatment options for patients with metastatic CRC (mCRC) include the use of chemotherapy in combination with monoclonal antibodies targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (in patients with wild-type KRAS tumours). These treatments have led to significant improvements in the treatment outcomes of mCRC patients in recent years [3]. With the incidence rates of mCRC increasing and the treatment outcomes improving, the number of prevalent mCRC cases keeps increasing [4]. Therefore, many more patients with mCRC will be undergoing treatment, and cope with this progressive disease for a longer period of time. Many of these patients will have concomitant conditions which have various clinical implications. Comorbidities, defined as medical conditions exist simultaneously but independently with the primary medical condition in a patient, often necessitate modifications of and/or adversely influence the chosen therapy; concomitant diseases are independent determinants of prognosis (regardless of the chosen therapy) and their presence is also an indicator of the complexity of the clinical needs of each patient [5]. Evaluation of the presence of cardiovascular comorbidities is particularly important in the mCRC population as some of the newer treatments are associated with adverse events related to the cardiovascular system [6,7]. These adverse events include, among others, thromboembolism, hypertension, haemorrhage and cardiotoxicity, and may be even more dramatic when concomitant cardiovascular disease is present.
Data regarding the prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities in patients with mCRC are, however, limited. This study, therefore, assessed the prevalence of pre-existing cardiovascular comorbidities (existence of cardiovascular diseases with mCRC at the same time) among a population-based cohort of patients with mCRC in The Netherlands.
Data source
Data were obtained from the PHARMO medical record linkage system (PHARMO RLS), which consists of multiple observational databases linked on a patient level, covering 3.2 million inhabitants of geographic defined areas in The Netherlands. Databases relevant for this study include the Dutch National Medical Register (LMR) and the community pharmacy database (outpatient). The hospital records contain detailed information concerning admissions for more than 24 hours and admissions for less than 24 hours for which a bed is required, including primary and secondary diagnoses, procedures and dates of hospital admission and discharge [8]. All diagnoses are coded according to the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM). The drug dispensing histories from outpatient pharmacies contain data on the dispensed drug, prescriber, dispensing date, amount dispensed, prescribed dose regimens and thus the duration of use. All drugs are coded according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification.
Patients aged ≥18 years diagnosed with mCRC were identified by hospitalisation codes between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2008. All patients with a primary or secondary hospital discharge diagnosis for CRC (ICD-9-CM code 153.x (excluding 153.5), 154.0, 154.1, and 154.8) and metastasis (ICD-9-CM code 196.0, 196.1, 196.3, 196.5, 197.x (excluding 197.5), 198.x, and 199.0) were selected [9,10].
To be included in the study, the hospital admission date for distant metastasis needed to occur no more than 30 days before the hospital admission date for CRC or anywhere after the hospital admission date for CRC, on condition that the patient was not hospitalised for cancer other than CRC. The first metastasis discharge diagnosis date served as the index date. Patients with metastasis diagnosis within 10 years before the index date were excluded as these metastases might be related to a primary tumour other than CRC. To be able to define comorbidities in recent history based on drug use as well as hospitalisations, patients needed to have at least 12 months of history in the PHARMO RLS.
For all study patients the following characteristics were determined at index date: gender, age, site of primary tumour (colon or rectal), site of metastasis and available history in PHARMO RLS. Prevalent comorbidities were assessed during the first year prior to the index date. Cardiovascular comorbidities were identified using drug dispense information in the outpatient setting and discharge diagnoses in the hospital admission database. Information on drugs dispensed in the outpatient setting included: antihypertensives (ATC code C02), diuretics (ATC code C03 (excluding C03C), beta-blocking agents (ATC code C07), calcium-channel blockers (ATC code C08), agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system (ATC code C09 (excluding C09X), antithrombotic agents (ATC code B01), and cardiac therapy (ATC code C01). In the hospital admission database, cardiovascular comorbidities were determined based on primary and secondary hospital discharge diagnoses, including: hypertension (ICD-9-CM code 401-405), coronary artery disease (ICD-9-CM code 414.0), cardiac dysrhythmia (ICD-9-CM code 427), congestive heart failure (ICD-9-CM code 402.01, 402.11, 402.91 and 428), acute myocardial infarction (ICD-9-CM code 410), other ischaemic heart disease (ICD-9-CM code 411, 413 and 414 (excluding 414.0), venous thromboembolism (ICD-9-CM code 451.1, 451.2, 451.81, 451.9, 453.2, 453.8 and 453.9), arterial thromboembolism (ICD-9-CM code 444), and stroke (ICD-9-CM code 362.3, 433.1, 434.1, 435 and 436).
Patient characteristics and cardiovascular comorbidities prior to mCRC diagnosis were presented descriptively by the number and proportion of patients receiving these agents or being hospitalised for these diagnoses, with 95% confidence intervals. All data were analysed using SAS programs organised within SAS® Enterprise Guide version 4.0 (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC, USA) and conducted under UNIX using SAS version 9.2.
Overall, 2964 patients with mCRC were included in the analyses. The study population included similar numbers of males and females (Table 1) and patients aged 70–79 represented the largest group by age (32%); mean (± SD) age was 68 (± 12) years. Colon cancer was more common than rectal cancer as primary tumour (69% and 31%, respectively). The most common location of metastases was the liver (43% in patients with colon cancer and 42% in patients with rectal cancer as primary tumour).
The prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities, as identified by drug use and/or hospitalisations, in the year prior to index date is shown in( Table 2) Overall, cardiovascular comorbidities were observed in 52% of patients. The majority of these patients were identified by drug use (96%) and only a small proportion (19%) was identified by hospitalisations. Of all patients identified by drug use, the most commonly used agents were antithrombotic agents (54%), followed by beta-blocking agents (46%), and agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system (45%). Of the patients hospitalised for cardiovascular comorbidities in the year prior to index date, about one-third was hospitalised for cardiac dysrhythmia (39%), followed by congestive heart failure (19%) and hypertension (18%).
To our knowledge, there are limited data on the prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities in patients with mCRC. In this retrospective cohort study the prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities among patients with mCRC was determined using both cardiovascular drug use and hospital admission data. Our analyses illustrate that cardiovascular comorbid conditions were observed in more than half of patients in the year prior to the first mCRC hospitalisation. Most patients used antithrombotic agents, followed by beta-blocking agents and agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system. This high prevalence might be anticipated given that the majority of patients were >65 of age.
The rates of cardiovascular comorbidities that were observed in this study can be compared with another study evaluating the extent of cardiovascular comorbidities identified on the basis of ICD-9 diagnosis codes in patients with mCRC [11]. Using this approach, pre-existing cardiovascular diseases were observed in 62% of 12,648 newly diagnosed patients with mCRC in the USA. Our results using pharmacy and hospitalisation data are therefore broadly similar to those from the US study using diagnostic criteria. It should be noted, however, that our results reflect the population in The Netherlands and might not be applicable to mCRC populations in other countries. A previous Dutch study on newly diagnosed patients with CRC in the period 1995–1999 showed that about 32% of the patients suffered from cardiovascular disease and 26% suffered from hypertension [12]. This would result in a prevalence of 58% maximally, as more than one condition per patient was possible, which is comparable to our prevalence estimate.
Our results were generated using outpatient drug dispensing data and hospitalisation discharge diagnoses that are related to cardiovascular diseases as a proxy for the presence of cardiovascular comorbid conditions. Hospital admission data were used to select the cardiovascular morbidities that led to hospitalisation. Pharmacy data were used to select the cardiovascular conditions that were treated in outpatient setting and to provide a more complete list of actively treated conditions [13]. However, algorithms for identifying comorbidities based on pharmacy drug use have been reported to be more specific but less sensitive than algorithms based on diagnosis criteria [14]. This may reflect the fact that this approach will only identify patients who receive pharmacological treatment for their disease. It is also worth to note that some patients might have received adjuvant therapies before metastasis diagnosis and some of adjuvant therapies, such as 5-fluorouracil therapy, could cause cardiotoxicity [15]. However, use of adjuvant therapy was not included in the current analysis.
In conclusion, cardiovascular comorbidities are common in patients with mCRC, which is likely to be explained by the high mean age at diagnosis. Consideration of these comorbid conditions should be an integral part of the treatment strategy in individual patients with mCRC.
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